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UPSC Prelims 2021 Paper-1 📅 10 Oct, 2021

In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil?
1. Fern
2. Lichen
3. Moss
4. Mushroom

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

A
1 and 4 only
B
2 only
C
2 and 3
D
1, 3 and 4
Result Summary
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APEDIA

UPSC Prelims
2021 • 10 Oct, 2021 • Paper-1
In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil?
1. Fern
2. Lichen
3. Moss
4. Mushroom

Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Correct Answer
2 and 3
Pioneer Species Mechanism: Ecological succession on bare rock begins with pioneer species that do not require established soil. Lichens (a symbiotic association......
💡 Analysis & Explanation
Pioneer Species Mechanism
Ecological succession on bare rock begins with pioneer species that do not require established soil. Lichens (a symbiotic association of fungi and algae) secrete acids that break down rocks, making them classic pioneer organisms. Thus, item 2 is correct.
Secondary Colonizers
Mosses are simple, non-vascular plants that also act as early colonizers. They can anchor themselves to hard surfaces like rocks or tree bark using root-like structures called rhizoids, surviving without deep soil. Thus, item 3 is correct.
Organisms Requiring Substrate
Ferns are vascular plants that generally require a soil substrate to anchor roots and absorb water. Mushrooms (fungi) are decomposers that thrive on decaying organic matter (like dead wood or soil humus), not bare mineral surfaces. Thus, 1 and 4 are incorrect.
Conclusion
Lichens and mosses are uniquely adapted to survive on soil-less surfaces.